Hypertension: Causes, Stages & Treatment Explained

What Is Hypertension?

High blood pressure occurs when the force of blood against your artery walls is consistently too high. Blood pressure is measured using two numbers:

• Systolic (top number): pressure when the heart beats.
• Diastolic (bottom number): pressure when the heart rests between beats.

A normal blood pressure reading is less than 120/80 mm Hg. A blood pressure condition is diagnosed when blood pressure consistently measures 130/80 mm Hg or higher.

Stages of Hypertension

According to the American Heart Association:

• Normal: Below 120/80 mm Hg
• Elevated: 120–129 / less than 80 mm Hg
• Stage 1 Hypertension: 130–139 / 80–89 mm Hg
• Stage 2 Hypertension: 140 or higher / 90 or higher
• Hypertensive Crisis: Higher than 180/120 mm Hg (seek emergency care)

Symptoms of Hypertension

Most of the people with raised blood pressure experience no obvious symptoms. However, severe or prolonged high blood pressure may cause:

• Headaches
• Shortness of breath
• Dizziness
• Nosebleeds
• Chest pain
• Vision problems

Because these signs often appear only in advanced stages, regular blood pressure checks are essential.

Causes and Risk Factors

Elevated blood pressure can be primary (essential)—developing gradually without a clear cause—or secondary, resulting from underlying conditions. Common risk factors include:

• Family history of hypertension
• Being overweight or obese
• High-salt diet
• Lack of physical activity
• Smoking and alcohol consumption
• Chronic stress
• Conditions like diabetes, kidney disease, or sleep apnea

Complications of Untreated high blood pressure

If left uncontrolled, elevated blood pressure can damage vital organs over time. Some of the most serious complications include:

• Heart disease (heart attack, heart failure)
• Stroke
• Chronic kidney disease
• Vision loss (hypertensive retinopathy)
• Aneurysms

How to Prevent and Manage Hypertension

The good news: high blood pressure is largely preventable and manageable through lifestyle changes and, if necessary, medication.

Lifestyle Strategies

Adopt a heart-healthy diet: Focus on fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, whole grains, and low-fat dairy. The DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop High Blood Pressure) is especially effective.

• Reduce salt intake: Keep sodium below 1,500–2,300 mg per day.
• Exercise regularly: Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate activity weekly.
• Maintain a healthy weight: Even modest weight loss can lower blood pressure.
• Limit alcohol and quit smoking: Both significantly raise blood pressure and cardiovascular risk.
• Manage stress: Techniques like meditation, yoga, and deep breathing help reduce tension.

Medical Treatments for raised blood pressure

When lifestyle changes aren’t enough, doctors may prescribe antihypertensive medications such as:

• Diuretics
• ACE inhibitors
• Beta-blockers
• Calcium channel blockers
• ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers)
• Always consult a healthcare provider for the best treatment plan.

When to See a Doctor

You should check your blood pressure at least once a week or month, or more often if you have risk factors. Seek immediate medical help if your reading is 180/120 mm Hg or higher, or if you experience chest pain, shortness of breath, or sudden vision changes.

Key Takeaway

Elevated blood pressure is common but dangerous if ignored. The absence of symptoms doesn’t mean the absence of risk. By monitoring your blood pressure, adopting healthy habits, and following medical advice, you can protect yourself from life-threatening complications.

Remember: Knowing your numbers is the first step toward controlling hypertension.